This collection is a unique source for studying the history and evolution of calligraphy of medieval manuscripts in the Maghreb, covering the period from the ninth to the eleventh century. TunisiaTourismTV – La Grande Mosquée de Kairouan, la première du Maghreb, a été fondée en 670 et reconstruite en 836. The three chains, connected by a suspension ring, are each fixed to the plate by an almond-shaped finial. Fondée en 670, la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan est un des plus prestigieux sanctuaires musulmans au monde. Elle a servi de modèle aux autres mosquées de … It is surrounded at its upper part by 139 lusterware tiles (with a metallic sheen), each one is 21.1 centimetres square and they are arranged on the diagonal in a chessboard pattern. »[36], Today, the enclosure of the Great Mosque of Kairouan is pierced by nine gates (six opening on the courtyard, two opening on the prayer hall and a ninth allows access to the maqsura) some of them, such as Bab Al-Ma (gate of water) located on the western façade, are preceded by salient porches flanked by buttresses and surmounted by ribbed domes based on square tholobate which are porting squinches with three vaults. Le minbar de la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan est le plus ancien minbar du monde musulman toujours conservé in situ ; il date du IX e siècle (vers 862) [74], [75]. The portico on the south side of the courtyard, near the prayer hall, includes in its middle a large dressed stone pointed horseshoe arch which rests on ancient columns of white veined marble with Corinthian capitals. [11] This location corresponded originally to the heart of the urban fabric of the city founded by Uqba ibn Nafi. Al-Qayrawan, Tunesien, téléphone, heures d'ouverture de, image, carte, retrouvez les coordonnées [52][57], View of the second and third storeys of the minaret, Close view of one of the Roman stones (with Latin inscriptions) reused at the base of the minaret, Wall and windows of the south facade of the minaret, The Mosque has several domes, the largest being over the mihrab and the entrance to the prayer hall from the courtyard. [45] The northern part of the courtyard is paved with flagstones while the rest of the floor is almost entirely composed of white marble slabs. ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿ l b b b b 2 æ$ æ$ æ$ æ$ 4 % | 2 V ¼ ¢% ´&. Human factors including Hilalian's invasions in 449 AH (1057 AD) led to the decline of the city and halted development. The painted ceilings are a unique ensemble of planks, beams and brackets, illustrating almost thousand years of the history of painting on wood in Tunisia. It is bordered on each side of a double row of arches rested on twin columns and surmounted by a carved plaster decoration consisting of floral and geometric patterns. Oxford, 1977, [62], The central nave, a sort of triumphal alley which leads to the mihrab,[63] is significantly higher and wider than the other sixteen aisles of the prayer hall. [84] This old chair of the ninth century is still in its original location, next to the mihrab. [59], The prayer hall is located on the southern side of the courtyard; and is accessed by 17 carved wooden doors. [48] The minaret, in its present aspect, dates largely from the early ninth century, about 836 AD. [48] It is located inside the enclosure and does not have direct access from the outside. Other scrolls and calligraphic Qur'ans, as that known as the Hadinah's Qur'an, copied and illuminated by the calligrapher Ali ibn Ahmad al-Warraq for the governess of the Zirid prince Al-Muizz ibn Badis at about 1020 AD, were also in the library before being transferred to Raqqada museum. WorldCat Home About WorldCat Help. [22][23] At the same time, the mihrab's ribbed dome was raised on squinches. [60], View of the gallery which precedes the prayer hall, One of the seventeen carved-wood doors of the prayer hall, Close view of the upper part of the main door of the prayer hall, View of the central nave of the prayer hall, View of two of the secondary naves of the prayer hall, View of the mihrab located in the middle of the qibla wall of the prayer hall, In the prayer hall, the 414 columns of marble, granite or porphyry[69] (among more than 500 columns in the whole mosque),[70] taken from ancient sites in the country such as Sbeitla, Carthage, Hadrumetum and Chemtou,[60] support the horseshoe arches. Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: or Search WorldCat. Divided into two groups, they are dated from the beginning of the second half of the ninth century but it is not determined with certainty whether they were made in Baghdad or in Kairouan by a Baghdadi artisan, the controversy over the origin of this precious collection agitates the specialists. [Georges Marçais] Home. In 1967, major restoration works, executed during five years and conducted under the direction of the National Institute of Archeology and Art, were achieved throughout the monument, and were ended with an official reopening of the mosque during the celebration of the Mawlid of 1972.[30]. [85] Its main adornment is a frieze that crowns calligraphy, the latter surmounted by a line of pointed openwork merlons, features an inscription in flowery kufic character carved on the background of interlacing plants. [25] In 875 Emir Ibrahim II built another three bays, thereby reducing the size of the courtyard which was further limited on the three other sides by the addition of double galleries. [39] Despite its construction at the end of the thirteenth century, Bab Lalla Rihana blends well with all of the building mainly dating from the ninth century. Those in white marble come from Italy,[60] some shafts located in the area of the mihrab are in red porphyry imported from Egypt,[73] while those made of greenish or pink marble are from quarries of Chemtou, in the north-west of current Tunisia. The oldest boards date back to the Aghlabid period (ninth century) and are decorated with scrolls and rosettes on a red background consists of squares with concave sides in which are inscribed four-petaled flowers in green and blue, and those performed by the Zirid dynasty (eleventh century) are characterised by inscriptions in black kufic writing with gold rim and the uprights of the letters end with lobed florets, all on a brown background adorned with simple floral patterns. Imp… The stories concern mainly the different phases of construction and expansion of the sanctuary, and the successive contributions of many princes to the interior decoration (mihrab, minbar, ceilings, etc.). Thus, the mosque, headquarters of a prestigious university with a large library containing a large number of scientific and theological works, was the most remarkable intellectual and cultural centre in North Africa during the ninth, tenth and eleventh centuries. The boards painted under the Hafsid period (during the thirteenth century) offers a floral decor consists of white and blue arches entwined with lobed green. It consists of three tapering levels, the last of which is topped with a small ribbed dome that was most probably built later than the rest of the tower. [12] The corner towers measuring 4.25 metres on each side are buttressed with solid projecting supports. [51], The interior includes a staircase of 129 steps, surmounted by a barrel vault, which gives access to the terraces and the first tier of the minaret. The Great Mosque of Kairouan (Arabic: جا٠ع اÙÙÙرÙا٠اÙØ£Ùبر), also known as the Mosque of Uqba (جا٠ع عÙبة ب٠ÙاÙع), is a mosque situated in the UNESCO World Heritage town of Kairouan, Tunisia and is one of the most impressive and largest Islamic monuments in North Africa.[1]. Son plan copie celui de la maison de Mahomet à Médine.. Elle comprend différentes parties : ÐÏࡱá > þÿ þÿÿÿ [49], The door giving access to the minaret is framed by a lintel and jambs made of recycled carved friezes of antique origin. La présence d’une importante communauté juive à Kairouan confirme cette tolérance, et le statut de Kairouan. [58] From the outside, the dome of the mihrab is based on an octagonal drum with slightly concave sides, raised on a square base, decorated on each of its three southern, Easter and western faces with five flat-bottomed niches surmounted by five semi-circular arches,[24][58] the niche in the middle is cut by a lobed oculus enrolled in a circular frame. The library window is marked by an elegant setting that has two columns flanking the opening, which is a horseshoe arch topped by six blind arches and crowned by a series of berms sawtooth.[86]. 1. Thus, some entries have been sealed, while others were kept. [8] Its role at the time can be compared to that of the University of Paris in the Middle Ages. Carefully executed in relief, it represents one of the most beautiful epigraphic bands of Islamic art. Bien que la représentation figurée ne soit pas interdite dans le Coran, elle ne trouve pas sa place dans les mosquées1. It is a cedar wood fence finely sculpted and carved on three sides with various geometric motifs measuring 2.8 metres tall, eight metres long and six metres wide. This valuable collection, observed from the late nineteenth century by the French orientalists Octave Houdas and René Basset who mention in their report on their scientific mission in Tunisia published in the Journal of African correspondence in 1882, comprises according to the inventory established at the time of the Hafsids (circa 1293â1294) several Qur'ans and books of fiqh that concern mainly the Maliki fiqh and its sources. Behind the openwork hint, there is an oldest niche on which several assumptions were formulated. La Grande Mosquée de Kairouan a été érigée en 670, ce qui correspond à l'an 50 de l'hégire, le calendrier musulman. The courtyard is a vast trapezoidal area whose interior dimensions are approximately 67 by 52 metres. [12], During the thirteenth century, new gates were opened, the most remarkable, Bab Lalla Rihana dated from 1293, is located on the eastern wall of the enclosure. [49] The first and second stories are surmounted by rounded merlons which are pierced by arrowslits. Nous le remercions gentiment en continuant notre route. Editions Henri Laurens, C’est un monument situé à l’extérieur de la médina de Kairouan, il est idéalement placé à l’entrée de la ville de sorte qu’il attire forcément les regards. "Soha Gaafar et Marwa Mourad, « La Grande Mosquée de Kairouan, un maillon clé dans l'histoire de l'architecture », Lucien Golvin, « Quelques réflexions sur la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan à la période des Aghlabides », pp. [16] With the gradual increase of the population of Kairouan and the consequent increase in the number of faithful, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad Caliph in Damascus, charged his governor Bishr ibn Safwan to carry out development work in the city, which included the renovation and expansion of the mosque around the years 724â728. The combination formed by the courtyard and the galleries that surround it covers an immense area whose dimensions are about 90 metres long and 72 metres in width. En nous approchant davantage, un homme qui passe par là… nous propose de nous guider jusqu’à la mosquée. Fondée en même temps que la ville de Kairouan par les conquérants (ghuzât) musulmans, en l’an 50 de l’Hégire (670 ap. From the library of the mosque comes a large collection of calligraphic scrolls and manuscripts, the oldest dating back to the second half of the ninth century. [60] Although the shafts are of varying heights, the columns are ingeniously arranged to support fallen arches harmoniously. Le long de ce mur, à l’intérieur de la salle de prière, sont indiqués deux éléments architecturaux fondamentaux dans une mosquée :- le mihrab, niche symbolisant la présence de Mahomet ;- le mimbar, endroit où est lu le page 33. Kairouan (UNESCO/NHK) - Duration: … Covered with a thick coating completely painted, the concavity of the arch is decorated with intertwined scrolls enveloping stylised five-lobed vine leaves, three-lobed florets and sharp clusters, all in yellow on midnight blue background.[81]. Kairouan. La mosquée du Barbier, connue sous le nom de mausolée de Sidi Sahab, est une zaouïa tunisienne située à Kairouan. Search. 1. [82] Among all the pulpits of the Muslim world, it is certainly the oldest example of minbar still preserved today. One may conceivably compare its role to that of the University of Paris during the Middle Ages. kairouan.org le portail de référence, vous allez découvrir un patrimoine culturel et historique impressionnant de la ville de Kairouan classée héritage mondial par l’Unesco et prix Agha Khan d’architecture.. Plus de 600 pages web 350 rubriques et près de 2.000 images ! These tiles are mainly decorated with floral and plant motifs (stylised flowers, palm leaves and asymmetrical leaves on bottom hatch and checkered) belong to two series: one polychrome characterised by a greater richness of tones ranging from light gold to light, dark or ocher yellow, and from brick-red to brown lacquer, the other monochrome is a beautiful luster that goes from smoked gold to green gold. Editions Oxford University Press, From the outside, the Great Mosque of Kairouan is a fortress-like building with its 1.90 metres thick massive ocher walls, a composite of well-worked stones with intervening courses of rubble stone and baked bricks. Je laisse Lamaâ gérer ça pendant que je commence à filmer ! Malgré le transfert de la capitale politique à Tunis au XII e siècle, Kairouan est restée la première ville sainte du Maghreb. Les décorateurs ont donc eu recours à des figures géométriques répétées à l'infini et de couleurs variées. Le mur extérieur situé tout à gauche est le mur de la qiblâ qui indique la direction de La Mecque. Le plan de la mosquée reprend le plan de la maison de Mahomet à Médine. [58][76] The niches are covered with carved stone panels, finely adorned with characteristic geometric, vegetal and floral patterns of the Aghlabid decorative repertoire: shells, cusped arches, rosettes, vine-leaf, etc. The latter, which its hemispherical cap is cut by 24 concave grooves radiating around the top,[75] is based on ridged horns shaped shell and a drum pierced by eight circular windows which are inserted between sixteen niches grouped by two. Established by the Arab general Uqba ibn Nafi in the year 50 AH (670AD/CE) at the founding of the city of Kairouan, the mosque occupies an area of over 9,000 square metres (97,000 sq ft). It consists of regular layers of carefully cut rubble stone, thus giving the work a stylistically admirable homogeneity and unity. [40][41] It is surrounded on all its four sides by a portico with double rows of arches, opened by slightly horseshoe arches supported by columns in various marbles, in granite or in porphyry, reused from Roman, Early Christian or Byzantine monuments particularly from Carthage. À peine sortis du louage, le taxi collectif de la Tunisie, nous avons pu admirer la muraille de la médina. [20], Under the rule of the Aghlabid dynasty, Kairouan was at its apogee, and the mosque profited from this period of stability and prosperity. Fondée en 670, la ville de Kairouan a prospéré sous la dynastie aghlabide, au IX e siècle. Mahmoud Bouali, « Il y a près de trois siècles, un tourisme éminemment éclairé », Courte biographie sur Thomas Shaw (Société des anglicistes de lâenseignement supérieur), Kairouan nâétait pas une ville interdite (Capitale de la culture islamique 2009), The influence of Kairouan on art and literature (Capital of Islamic culture 2009), Fragment de bois à décor dâarcatures dâépoque hafside (Qantara), Coupole du Bahou de la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan, Cour et minaret de la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan, Minaret de la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan (Qantara). [26], The current state of the mosque can be traced back to the Aghlabid periodâno element is earlier than the ninth century besides the mihrabâexcept for some partial restorations and a few later additions made in 1025 during the Zirid period,[27] 1248 and 1293â1294 under the reign of the Hafsids,[28] 1618 at the time of Muradid beys,[29] and in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. page 118, Mahmud Abd al-Mawla, [88], At the time of its greatest splendor, between the ninth and eleventh centuries AD, Kairouan was one of the greatest centres of Islamic civilisation and its reputation as a hotbed of scholarship covered the entire Maghreb. Most of the works on which rests the reputation of the mosque are still conserved in situ while a certain number of them have joined the collections of the Raqqada National Museum of Islamic Art; Raqqada is located about ten kilometres southwest of Kairouan. [67] The other doors of the prayer hall, some of which date from the time of the Hafsids,[68] are distinguished by their decoration which consists essentially of geometric patterns (hexagonal, octagonal, rectangular patterns, etc.). 69â77. The covering of the prayer hall consists of painted ceilings decorated with vegetal motifs and two domes: one raised at the beginning of the central nave and the other in front of the mihrab. Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: or Search WorldCat. Centre italien dâétudes du haut Moyen Ãge, Lucien Golvin, « Le mihrab de Kairouan », Kunst des Orients, vol. [2] Its perimeter, of about 405 metres (1,329 ft), contains a hypostyle prayer hall, a marble-paved courtyard and a square minaret. The horseshoe arch of the mihrab, stilted and broken at the top, rest on two columns of red marble with yellow veins, which surmounted with Byzantine style capitals that carry two crossbeams carved with floral patterns, each one is decorated with a Kufic inscription in relief. The transmission of knowledge was assured by prominent scholars and theologians which included Sahnun ibn Sa'id and Asad ibn al-Furat, eminent jurists who contributed greatly to the dissemination of the Maliki thought, Ishaq ibn Imran and Ibn al-Jazzar in medicine, Abu Sahl al-Kairouani and Abd al-Monim al-Kindi in mathematics. This porch of seven metres high is topped with a square base upon which rests a semi-spherical ribbed dome; the latter is ribbed with sharp-edged ribs. [24] Around 862â863, Emir Abu Ibrahim enlarged the oratory, with three bays to the north, and added the cupola over the arched portico which precedes the prayer hall. 1â38, History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes, Great Mosque of Kairouan (discoverislamicart.org), Great Mosque of Kairouan â Kairouan, Tunisia, Kairouan â UNESCO World Heritage Centre, The Great Mosque (kairouan-cci2009.nat.tn). Situation: Kairouan en Tunisie (Maghreb) Dates de construction: début en 670, fin au IX° siècle Architecte : inconnu. [56] Despite its massive form and austere decoration, it nevertheless presents a harmonious structure and a majestic appearance. Their use probably dates to the work done under the Umayyad governor Bishr ibn Safwan in about 725 AD, and they have been reused at the base of the tower.
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